Non-biting flies can have sponging mouthparts, which are mainly used to lick and suck food, and can be either mechanical or biological vectors of food-borne pathogens. Non-biting flies are often commonly found in areas of human and animal activities, such as food markets, restaurants and poultry and livestock farms where they have the potential to be vectors of diseases. Flies can be divided into non-biting flies and biting flies. At least 305 fly species belonging to the Muscidae, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae families are known to transmit diseases. Many species of flies (Diptera) are closely associated with humans and can complete their entire life-cycle in the close proximity of human habitations and areas with domestic animals. This study provides a theoretical basis for the public health and ecological significance of parasites transmitted by non-biting flies. Of the 27 reported parasites, a total of 20 known zoonotic parasites were identified, with an infection rate of 38.1% (95% CI 28.2–48.0% n = 13,572/28,494). The prevalence of parasites in the intestine of non-biting flies was 37.1% (95% CI 22.7–51.5% n = 1045/3817), which was significantly higher than the prevalence of parasites isolated from the body surface (35.1% 95% CI 20.8–49.4% n = 1199/3649 P < 0.01). domestica), the fly species considered to be the most closely associated with humans and animals, were found with parasites. A total sample size of 28,718 non-biting flies reported in studies worldwide satisfied the predetermined selection criteria and was included in the quantitative analysis.

MethodsĪ meta-analysis was carried out with the aim to review the global prevalence of parasite transmission in non-biting flies. In the present study, we performed a systematic overview of the different species of parasites carried by non-biting flies, as well as of isolation methods, different geographical distribution, seasonality and risk assessment. Non-biting flies such as the house fly ( Musca domestica), the Australian sheep blowfly ( Lucilia cuprina) and the oriental latrine fly ( Chrysomya megacephala) may carry many parasites.

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